Imodoka zikoreye intwaro ziragendagenda rwagati mu Mujyi wa Ndjamena, Umurwa Mukuru wa Chad, hafi y’ingoro y’Umukuru w’Igihugu ndetse n’ahandi hafi ahahurira abantu benshi. Amaduka menshi arafunguye nubwo atari nk’ibisanzwe, abana bo ariko ntiboherezwa ku mashuri.
Abantu baracyari mu gahinda nyuma y’urupfu rwa Perezida Idris Déby Itno, ndetse na bamwe bamurwanyaga ntibishimiye urupfu rwe. Igice kinini cy’abaturage ni urubyiruko rufite munsi y’imyaka 30 batigeze bamenya undi muperezida.
Televiziyo y’Igihugu yo, mu biganiro hagati iragenda inyuzamo indirimbo z’akababaro ko kuba igihugu cyatakaje Perezida. Nubwo hari abari barambiwe ubutegetsi bwa idris Déby, ariko benshi bababajwe n’uburyo abuvuyeho. Abatavuga rumwe na we baravuga ko nubwo batari bakimukeneye ku ntebe ya Perezida, ariko nanone ngo ntibamwifurizaga gupfa uko yapfuye, abandi bakavuga ko nubwo batari bakimukeneye ariko nanone batifuzaga ko asimburwa n’umwana we.
Inyeshyamba na zo zatangaje ko zahagaritse urugamba zarwanaga n’ingabo za Leta, zivuga ko nta kindi gitero zigaba kugeza Idris Déby ashyinguwe kuwa Gatanu tariki 23 Mata 2021.
Idris Déby apfuye afite imyaka 68 y’amavuko. Yari amaze imyaka 31 ku butegetsi kuko yabufashe mu 1990. Yaguye ku rugamba aho yari ahanganye n’inyeshyamba zashakaga kumuhirika.
Kuri ubu, impande zitandukanye muri Chad zirumvikanisha ko Chad atari ubwami ku buryo Perezida apfa agasimburwa n’umuhungu we. Uwo muhungu uvugwa ni Mahamat Idris Déby, uyu akaba yari asanzwe ayoboye ingabo zirinda se Idris Déby.
Nyuma yo kwemezwa nka Perezida w’Inzibacyuho, Mahamat Idris Déby agomba kuyobora Chad mu gihe cy’amezi 18 kugeza habaye amatora.
Guverinoma n’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko byasheshwe, ariko nubwo Mahamat Idris Déby yagenwe nk’umusimbura wa se, inzobere mu bijyanye n’Itegeko Nshinga ziravuga ko Idris Déby yakabaye asimburwa na Perezida w’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko.
Urupfu rwa Perezida Idris Déby rwatangajwe kuri Televiziyo y’Igihugu kuwa Kabiri tariki 20 Mata 2021, umunsi umwe nyuma y’itangazwa ry’ibyavuye mu matora mu buryo bw’agateganyo, byerekanaga ko ari we uri imbere bimuganisha ku kuyobora Chad muri manda ya gatandatu.
Hari impungenge ko urupfu rwa Idris Déby rwafungurira amarembo umutekano muke muri iki gihugu kizwiho kugira imitwe myinshi y’inyeshyamba ndetse kinazwiho ibikorwa byo guhirika ubutegetsi, igihugu gifite opposition ijegajega ndetse yacitsemo ibice.
Ingaga z’abacuruzi zagaragaje ko, kimwe n’abatavugaga rumwe na Idris Déby, zidashyigikiye ko igihugu kijya mu maboko y’itsinda ryashyizweho ryiswe Transitional Military Council, ni ukuvuga itsinda ry’abasirikari bayobora igihugu mu buryo bw’inzibacyuho, izi ngaga z’abakozi zigasaba ko habaho ibiganiro, zisaba abakozi kuguma mu ngo kugeza habonetse umuti uhuriweho n’impande zihanganye.
Mahamat Idris Déby ni muntu ki?
Ni umujenarali w’imyaka 37 y’amavuko. Amaze imyaka myinshi akomeye mu gisirikari nyuma y’aho agizwe Umuyobozi Wungirije w’Ingabo za Chad mu mwaka wa 2013, ndetse akagaragara mu bikorwa byo kurwanya iterabwoba muri Mali.
Azwi cyane nka General Kaka, izina akomora mu buto bwe kuko yarezwe na nyirakuru ubyara se Idris Déby, kaka bikaba bisobanuye nyogokuru mu Cyarabu cyo muri Chad.
Idris Déby wari Umusilamu, yari afite umuryango mugari kuko yashatse abagore benshi akaba yari afitanye na bo abana batazwi umubare.
Gen Kaka azwiho kuvuga make ndetse ntakunda kugaragara aho abantu benshi bamubona, bitandukanye n’imyitwarire ya bamwe mu bo basangiye se. Nubwo avuga make ariko, Gen Kaka azwiho kuba yubashywe mu gisirikari. Bivugwa ko yari kumwe na se ku rugamba mu majyaruguru y’igihugu ubwo se yaraswaga.
Abantu benshi ariko bakomeje kwibaza ngo kuki Perezida Idris Déby yari yagiye ku rugamba?
Icyo batazi ni uko, Idris Déby yari umusirikari watojwe ndetse akaba yari akuriye ingabo ubwo yafataga ubutegetsi mu 1990 binyuze mu myivumbagatanyo y’igisirikari.
Yahuye n’imbogamizi nyinshi mu kuyobora Chad zirimo ndetse na kudeta yagiye asimbuka mu myaka yakurikiye gufata ubutegetsi. Abakurikiranira hafi bakavuga ko nta gitangaza kiri mu kuba yari mu ngabo zirwana ku rugamba kuko n’ubusanzwe azwiho kujya imbere mu bitero, harimo igitero yarwanya kuri Lake Chad ahanganye na Boko Haram umwaka ushize.
Urugamba rwamuhitanye rwatangiye ku munsi nyirizina w’amatora ubwo abarwanyi b’umutwe w’inyeshyamba wa Fact (Front for Change and Concord in Chad) bagabaga igitero ku mupaka wa Chad baturutse muri Libya. Uyu mutwe wa Fact washinzwe n’inyeshyamba za Chad zabaga mu Ntara ya Darfur muri Sudan zagabye ibitero bitandukanye bigamije gutembagaza ubutegetsi bwa Idris Déby.
Kurwanira ubutegetsi muri Chad, ni ibintu ubona ko bishingiye ku moko, izo nyeshyamba za Fact zikaba ziganjemo izikomoka mu gace ka Gorane gakomokamo Hissène Habré wabanjirije Idris Déby ku butegetsi, ndetse byumvikanisha ko zishyigikiwe n’abatarishimiye ihirima ry’ubutegetsi bwa Hissène Habré. Mu myaka yashize abarwanyi ba Fact bashinze ibirondiro mu misozi ya Tibesti muri Libya mu majyaruguru ya Chad.
Idris Deby yari muntu ki?
Nyakwigendera Idris Déby yavutse mu 1952, abyarwa n’umugabo w’umushumba w’umukene wo mu bwoko bwa Zaghawa. Yasoje amashuri ye muri Chad ayasoza afite impamyabumenyi y’icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza mu bijyanye na siyansi, akomereza ubuzima bwe mu ishuri ry’abofisiye rya gisirikari I Ndjamena, ahava akomereza imyitozo yisumbuyeho mu Bufaransa, agaruka muri Chad mu 1976 afite impamyabushobozi yo gutwara indege nk’umunyamwuga.
Mu myaka ya za 1979, Chad yari isibaniro ry’imitwe y’inyeshyamba, Idris Déby yari ku ruhande rwa Hissène Habré, imwe mu ndwanyi z’akataraboneka Chad yari ifite muri kiriya gihe.
Umwaka umwe Hissène Habré afashe ubutegetsi, yahise agira Idris Déby umugaba w’ingabo zirwanira ku butaka. Idris Déby yatsinsuye abarwanyi barwanyije ubutegetsi bwa Idris Déby bashyigikiwe na Libya yoherezwa gukarishwa ubwenge mu bya gisirikari mu Bufaransa, agarutse mu gihugu mu 1986 agirwa Umujyana wihariye mu bya gisirikari wa Perezida Hissène Habré. Ashyigikiwe n’u Bufaransa, yongeye gucakirana n’ingabo za Libya mu rugamba rwibukwa nka Toyota War, anesha umwanzi, ndetse muri urwo rugamba akaba yarakubise inshuro ingabo za Libya ku butaka bwa Libya ahitwa Kufrah.
Yaje gushwana na Hissène Habré mu 1989 ubwo Hissène Habré yishe abantu benshi bagaragaraga nk’abateje ikibazo ku butegetsi bwe barimo abasirikari n’abanyepolitiki, akora ikosa ryo kwica n’abo mu bwoko bwa Zaghawa bwa Idris Déby.
Idris Déby yashinjwe gushaka guhirika ubutegetsi bwa Hissène Habré afatanyije n’ibindi bikomerezwa mu gisirikari no muri politiki, ahungira muri Darfur, akomereza ubuhunzi muri Libya yakirwa neza i Tripoli kwa Col Mouammar Gaddafi.
Muri icyo gihe, bamwe mu bo Idris Déby yashinjwaga gufatanya na bo mu gihurika Leta ya Hissène Habré barimo Minisitiri w’Umutekano Mahamat Itno ndetse na Hassan Djamous wari umugaba mukuru w’ingabo zirwanira ku butaka, batawe muri yombi, baricwa. Abo bombi ndetse na Idris Déby bari abo mu bwoko bwa Zaghawa, Hissène Habré yabagenzeho ndetse agenda ku nshuti zabo, ababarirwa mu majana batabwa muri yombi, bakorerwa iyicarubozo abandi barafungwa. Benshi bapfiriye mu magereza, abandi bararaswa. Mu mwaka wa 2006, Hissène Habré yahamijwe ibyaha by’intambara, abihamywa n’urukiko rwihariye rwashyizwe muri Senegal.
Déby yahaye Libya amakuru y’ibanga y’ibikorwa bya CIA muri Chad, abifashijwemo na Ghadafi, atera Leta ya Hissène Habré, akaba ariko yijeje Ghadaffi ko natsinda urugamba azahita afungura imfungwa z’Abanyalibiya zari muri Chad.
Déby yimukiye muri Sudan mu 1989, ashinga umutwe wa Patriotic Salvation Movement utangira kuba ihwa ku butegetsi bwa Hissène Habré, ushyigikiwe na Libya na Sudan, kuwa 2 Ukuboza 1990 wari umunsi wa nyuma w’ubutegetsi bwa Hissène Habré, ingabo za Idris Déby zafashe ubutegetsi zidasubijwe inyuma.
Ubutegetsi bwa Idris Deby
Amaze gufata ubutegetsi, Déby yasezeranyije gushyiraho Guverinoma ihuriweho n’amashyaka menshi no guhagarika umuco wo kutubahiriza amategeko wari umaze imyaka myinshi uranga Chad.
Mu 1993, habayeho inama ihuza impande zitandukanye ishyiraho Guverinoma y’Inzibacyuho, yemeza Idris Déby ku mwanya wa Perezida w’Inzibacyuho.
Mu 1996, Itegeko Nshinga rishya ryaremejwe, Déby atorwa ku mwanya wa Perezida mu matora yitabiriwe n’amashyaka menshi. Gusa ayo matora yavuzweho kurangwa n’uburiganya.
Yongeye gutorwa muri 2001, ayo matora na yo anengwa ubujura bushyigikiye Déby.
Muri 2005, Itegeko Nshinga ryaravuguruwe hakurwamo ingingo igena umubare ntarengwa wa manda, iyo ntambwe na yo inengwa na bamwe bavuga ko Itegeko Nshinga ritagomba kudoderwa ku muntu umwe.
Habayeho kamarampaka yaharuriye inzira indi ntsinzi ya Déby mu matora yo muri 2006 ataritabiriwe n’amashyaka menshi ya opposition. Ni na ko byagenze mu matora yo muri 2011 na yo ataritabiriwe n’abanyepolitiki bakomeye bo muri opposition kuko bayafataga nk’ikinamico igamije kugumisha Déby ku mwanya wa Perezida.
Imyaka yose y’ubutegetsi bwa Déby, yaranzwe na kudeta nyinshi zagiye zipfuba. We na Leta ye bashinjwe kwimakaza ruswa, ndetse no guhonyora uburenganzira bwa muntu, aho ingabo za Chad zagaragaye mu bikorwa bitandukanye bihohotera abaturage.
Déby yanashinjwe gusesagura umutungo igihugu cyinjizaga uturutse mu bukungu bwacyo bwa peteroli, aho yakoreshaga ingengo y’imari nini mu kugura ibitwaro byo kumufasha mu bikorwa byo guhashya abatavyuga rumwe na we, aho gukiza abaturage inzara n’ibibazo byo kutagira ibikorwaremezo by’imihanda n’amashuri tutibagiwe no kuzamura urwego rw’ubuzima rwazahaye mu gihe cy’ubutegetsi bwe.
Amatora y’uyu mwaka yaranzwe n’ibitero bigamije kumuhirika, ni ko byagenze no mu bihe by’amatora yo muri 2016 aho yari ahanganye n’abakeba 16.
Ubutegetsi bwe bwakomeje gushinga imizi bigeze mu 2018 Itegeko Nshinga riravugururwa, umwanya wa Minisitiri w’Intebe uvaho byongerera imbaraga Umukuru w’Igihugu. Muri izo mpinduka kandi manda y’imyaka itanu yavanweho isimbuzwa manda y’imyaka 6, kuri iyi nshuro ariko ikaba imyaka 6 ishobora kongerwa rimwe, ni ukuvuga manda zidashobora kurenga ebyiri, mu gihe ku Itegeko Nshinga rya mbere zari manda z’imyaka itanu itanu ariko Perezida akaba ashobora kwiyamamaza inshuro zose ashaka. Kuri Déby ariko, izo manda ebyiri z’imyaka itanu itanu Itegeko Nshinga rikavuga ko abanza kuziyobora, noneho imyaka itandatu itandatu ikaza nyuma, bivuze ko iyo aticwa yashoboraga kuyobora Chad kugera muri 2033.
Ngayo amateka y’ingenzi wamenya kuri Idris Déby warashwe ejo bundi, nyuma y’aho atangajwe nk’uwatsinze amatora by’agateganyo, ariko umunsi umwe nyuma y’amatora tukumva inkuru ivuga ko yahumetse akuka ke ka nyuma.
ngiryo iherezo ry’umugabo wagize ubutegetsi bukomeye ariko agapfa mu gihe nta wabikekaga kuko abagerageje kumuhirika bose yari yarabatsinsuye, ndetse akaba yari amenyereweho kujya ku rugamba agataha amahoro.
Tariki 19 Mata 2021, ni umunsi atabashije kurenga, iminsi ye kuri iyi si y’abazima yashyizweho akadomo. Mu gutegura iyi nkuru, twiyambaje inyandiko zitandukanye zirimo iza BBC.
