Pegasus ni porogaramu y’ikoranabuhanga ikoreshwa hirya no hino ku Isi mu bikorwa by’ubumaneko (spyware). Ishyirwa muri telefone y’ukeneweho amakuru atabizi.
Pegasus ifite ubushobozi bwo gusoma ubutumwa bwanditse (text messages), gukurikirana abahamagara umuntu n’abo ahamagara (tracking calls), gufata ijambo ry’ibanga (collecting passwords), gucana mikoro ya telefone y’ukeneweho amakuru n’ibindi.
Pegasus ni porogaramu yakozwe n’Ikigo cy’Ikoranabuhanga cy’Abanya-Isiraheli kizwi nka NSO Group mu mwaka wa 2016, igurishwa Guverinoma zikeneye gukurikirana bya hafi abakekwaho ibyaha n’iterabwoba.
Ibyo ariko bisanzwe bizwi. Igishya ni ikihe rero?
Icukumbura rirerekana ko amaleta y’abanyagitugu akoresha iyi ‘spyware’ mu kuneka n’abandi bantu badakurikiranweho ibyaha, barimo abanyamakuru, abaharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abanyepolitiki batavuga rumwe na yo, mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amasezerano agirana na NSO Group mbere yo guhabwa iyi porogaramu.
Iperereza ryakozwe na The Guardian ari na yo dukesha iyi nkuru, n’ibigo by’itangazamakuru 16 rigaragaza ko iyi porogaramu ikomeje gukoreshwa hirya no hino ku Isi mu buryo buhonyora uburenganzira bwa kiremwamuntu.
Pegasus ishyirwa muri telefone za iPhones n’izifite umutima wa Android (Operating system), igasoma amakuru yo muri iyo telefone ikayaha uyakeneye. Mu makuru Pegasus itwara harimo ubutumwa bwanditse, amafoto, emails, n’ubundi butandukanye, ndetse igafata amajwi y’ibiganiro umuntu agirana n’abo bavugana kuri telefone atabizi ikayoherereza uyakeneye.
Amakuru y’ibanga yagiye hanze arerekana urutonde rwa nimero zisaga ibihumbi 50 bigaragara ko ari iz’abantu bakenewe n’abakiriya ba NSO Group kuva mu mwaka wa 2016.
Forbidden Stories, umuryango udaharanira inyungu w’i Paris mu Bufaransa, ndetse na Amnesty International babashije kubona uru rutonde rw’ibanga, rusangizwa ibitangazamakuru bikorana n’iyo miryango mu mushinga wiswe Pegasus Project ugamije gucukumbura imikorere ya Pegasus.
Kuba nimero igaragara kuri urwo rutonde ntibyemeza ko nyirayo anekwa cyangwa ko habayeho kugerageza kumuneka, ariko iri tsinda ry’abanyamakuru n’abashakashatsi riravuga ko bisobanuye ko amaleta afata nyir’iyo nimero nk’umuntu udashirwa amakenga ugomba gucungirwa hafi.
Isesengura rya gihanga (forensic analysis) ryakorewe ku mubare muto wa nimero zigaragara kuri urwo rutonde rirerekana ko hejuru ya kimwe cya kabiri cy’izo nimero zigaragaza guhakingwa (hacking) hakoreshejwe Pegasus.
Mu minsi iri imbere, The Guardian iravuga ko yo n’abafatanyabikorwa bayo bazashyira ahagaragara imyirondoro ya bene nimero zigaragara kuri urwo rutonde. Barimo amajana y’abacuruzi bakomeye, abanyamadini, abarimu ba kaminuza, abakozi b’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta (NGOs), abayobozi b’amasendika y’abakozi, abakozi ba Leta barimo abaminisitiri, abaperezida n’abaminisitiri b’intebe.
Kuri urwo rutonde hariho na nimero z’abavandimwe ba hafi b’abaperezida b’ibihugu, bivuze ko umuperezida ashobora gutegeka inzego z’ubutasi kugenzura abavandimwe be.
Imyirondoro y’abo bantu izatangira gutangazwa ku Cyumweru haherewe ku banyamakuru basaga 180 barimo abatara amakuru (reporters), abanditsi bakuru (editors) n’abayobozi bo mu bitangazamakuru birimo Financial Times, CNN, the New York Times, France 24, the Economist ndetse n’Ibiro Ntaramakuru bya Associated Press na Reuters.
Nimero ya telefone y’umunyamakuru wigenga (freelancer) wo muri Mexico witwa Cecilio Pineda Birto igaragara kuri urwo rutonde, bigaragara ko yanekwaga na Leta ya Mexico mu byumweru byabanjirijwe kwicwa kwe. Abamwishe bamusanze mu kinamba ahogerezwa imodoka. Telefone ye ntiyigeze iboneka, bityo ntibizwi niba yari yashyizwemo Pegasus.
NSO Group ivuga ko nubwo Pineda yari mu banekwa, nta cyemeza ko amakuru yakuwe muri telefone ye yagize uruhare urwo ari rwo rwose mu rupfu rwe, ivuga ko Leta ishobora kuba yaramenye aho ari ikoresheje ubundi buryo. Ni umwe mu banyamakuru nibura 25 bigaragara ko bari abakandida bo kunekwa na Leta ya Mexico mu gihe cy’imyaka 2.
NSO Group yamye ivuga ko idakoresha porogaramu (Pegasus) igurisha amaleta, ndetse ngo ntigera ku makuru akusanywa n’amaleta akoresha Pegasus.
Binyuze mu banyamategeko bayo, NSO yahakanye ko amaleta akoresha nabi iyi porogaramu y’ikoranabuhanga, yongeraho ariko ko izakomeza guperereza ibijyanye n’ibivugwa ndetse hafatwe ingamba zikwiye.
NSO yavuze ko ruriya rutonde rudashobora kuba urwa nimero zinekwa n’amaleta hakoreshejwe Pegasus, ivuga ko uriya mubare w’ibihumbi 50 urimo gukabya.
NSO ivuga ko igurisha Pegasus ku nzego za gisirikari, inzego zishinzwe kugenzura iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko (law enforcement agencies), inzego z’ubutasi mu bihugu 40 bitatangajwe amazina, ndetse NSO yongeyeho ko yita ku mateka y’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu muri ibyo bihugu mbere yo kubiha iyi porogaramu.
Minisitiri w’Ingabo za Isiraheli agenzura bya hafi NSO, akaba ari we uyemerera kugurisha ikoranabuhanga ryayo ku gihugu gishya.
Mu kwezi gushize NSO yasohoye raporo igaragaza ko igurisha Pegasus ku bihugu byabanje gusuzumwa ko byubahiriza uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu, inagaragaza uduce duto tw’ibikubiye mu masezerano bagirana, twerekana ko Pegasus igomba gukoreshwa gusa mu maperereza areba abanyabyaha n’ababangamiye umutekano w’igihugu.
Kuba icukumbura rya nimero ziri kuri ruriya rutonde rwagiye hanze mu buryo butateguwe na benerwo (leaked list) rigaragaza nimero z’abantu badakurikiranweho ibyaha byerekana ko abakiliya ba NSO bahonyora amasezerano bagirana na NSO, bakaneka n’impirimbanyi za demokarasi, abanyamakuru bacukumbura inkuru za ruswa, bakeba babo muri politiki n’abatavuga rumwe na Leta.
Ibi bishimangirwa n’isesengura rya gihanga ryakorewe kuri nimero nke z’abanyamakuru, abaharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abanyamategeko zagaragaye kuri ruriya rutonde.
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Amnesty Security Lab, umufatanyabikorwa muri Pegasus Project, bwerekanye ko telefone 37 muri 67 zagenzuwe zasanzwemo porogaramu ya Pegasus.
Pegasus Project ni iki?
Isesengura ryagaragaje isano y’igihe nimero yashyiriwe ku rutonde n’igihe Pegasus yashyiriwe muri telefone y’unekwa, hakaba ubwo habamo ikinyuranyo cy’amasegonda.
Amnesty International yasangije ibyo yari yagezeho Citizen Lab, itsinda ry’abashakashatsi bo muri Kaminuza ya Toronto muri Canada biga kuri Pegasus, ibyavuye mu igenzura ryakozwe kuri telefone enye za iPhone bigaragaza ko zari zashyizwemo Pegasus.
Ubucukumbuzi bwerekanye amakuru yagiye hanze (leaked data) agaragaza ko nibura amaleta 10 azwiho kuba abakiliya ba NSO yashyize muri sisitemu yabugenewe nimero z’abanekwa.
Isesengura ryerekanye ko igihugu cyashyize nimero nyinshi (zisaga ibihumbi 15) muri sisiteme igenewe kuneka ari Mexico; iki gihugu kikaba cyarabikoze binyuze mu nzego zacyo zitandukanye hakoreshejwe Pegasus.
Nimero zatoranyijwe kugira ngo zigabweho ibitero by’ubumaneko bikoresheje ikoranabuhanga, ziri mu bihugu bisaga 45 hirya no hino ku Isi. Harimo nimero zisaga igihumbi zo mu Bihugu by’i Burayi.
Kuba nimero yagaragara mu makuru y’ibanga yabonetse ariko ntibivuze ko yahakinzwe. NSO isobanura ko hari impamvu nyinshi zatuma ishyirwa ku rutonde hatagamijwe kuyineka.
Morocco na Hungary byahakanye gukoresha Pegasus mu kwinjira muri telefone zifite nimero zigaragara ku rutonde.
Pegasus Project ni umushinga ugamije kugaragaza imikoreshereze ya Pegasus mu kuneka mu bihugu bikoresha iri koranabuhanga. Iperereza ryerekana ko Guverinoma ya Hungary iyobowe na Viktor Orbán yakoresheje Pegasus mu rugamba rugamije guhashya itangazamakuru, hibandwa ku banyamakuru bakora inkuru zicukumbuye ndetse n’abayobozi b’ibitangazamakuru byigenga.
Icukumbura rirerekana ko Pegasus yanakoreshejwe na Saudi Arabia n’inshuti yayo United Arab Emirates mu kuneka telefone z’inshuti za hafi z’Umunyamakuru wa Washington Post Jamal Khashoggi mu mezi yakurikiye kwicwa kwe. Umushinjacyaha wo muri Turukiya waperereje iby’urupfu rwa Khashoggi na we yagabweho igitero gikoresheje Pegasus.
Nubwo ubutumwa bwa Whatsapp bwerekana ko buri encrypted, ni ukuvuga ko bubonwa n’ababwandikirana gusa, icukumbura ry’imikorere ya Pegasus ryerekana ko iyo Pegasus ishyizwe muri telefone runaka ibasha gusoma n’ubutumwa abantu bohererezanya kuri Whatsapp, Telegram na Signal ikabushyikiriza ubukeneye.
Pegasus hari uburyo bwinshi ishyirwa muri telefone y’umuntu atabizi. Hari ubwo yohererezwa link akayikandaho azi ngo iramugeza ahantu runaka bitewe n’ubutumwa buherekeje iyo link, kandi mu by’ukuri iyo link ari yo iha Pegasus ikaze muri telefone ye.
Iyo Pegasus igeze muri telefone, isaruramo amakuru yose akenewe n’uwayohereje nyiri telefone ntarabukwe.
Usibye ubutumwa busanzwe, Pegasus inereka uwayohereje aho nyiri telefone aherereye hakoreshejwe kwinjira muri GPS, ndetse ikanamwereka nimero atunze muri telefone (Adress book).
Iyo nyiri kugaba igitero yinjiye muri GPS y’ugenzurwa, abasha kubona amakuru menshi arimo n’umuvuduko w’imodoka ye ndetse n’aho ajya hose.
NSO isigaye ifite ikoranabuhanga rihambaye rituma telefone y’unekwa yinjirwamo bitanasabye ko akanda kuri link yohererejwe.
Guarnieri asobanura ko Pegasus ibasha no kwinjira muri iMessages, porogaramu ikoranwa na iPhones, ndetse Pegasus ifite ububasha bwo kwijira muri iPhones zigezweho zitwa ko zifite umutekano uhambaye. Icukumbura ryagaragaje ko no muri uku kwezi hari telefone za iPhones zinjiwemo hakoreshejwe Pegasus.
Uruganda rwa Apple rukora iPhone rwatangaje ko abashakashatsi mu by’umutekano bemeza ko iPhone ari zo telefone zifite umutekano kurusha izindi zose zibaho.
NSO yanze gutanga amakuru arambuye ku bakiliya bayo n’abo bagabaho igitero, ariko hari amakuru yerekana ko nibura buri mukiliya wa NSO yagabye ibitero 112.
